RIP Version 2

1.2 RIP Version 2

1.2.1 RIP history

This page will explain the functions and limitations of RIP. The Internet is a collection of autonomous systems (AS). Each AS is generally administered by a single entity. Each AS has a routing technology which can differ from other autonomous systems. The routing protocol used within an AS is referred to as an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP). A separate protocol used to transfer routing information between autonomous systems is referred to as an Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP). RIP is designed to work as an IGP in a moderate-sized AS. It is not intended for use in more complex environments.

RIP v1 is considered a classful IGP. RIP v1 is a distance vector protocol that broadcasts the entire routing table to each neighbor router at predetermined intervals. The default interval is 30 seconds. RIP uses hop count as a metric, with 15 as the maximum number of hops.

If the router receives information about a network, and the receiving interface belongs to the same network but is on a different subnet, the router applies the one subnet mask that is configured on the receiving interface:

• For Class A addresses, the default classful mask is 255.0.0.0.
• For Class B addresses, the default classful mask is 255.255.0.0.
• For Class C addresses, the default classful mask is 255.255.255.0.

RIP v1 is a popular routing protocol because virtually all IP routers support it. The popularity of RIP v1 is based on the simplicity and the universal compatibility it demonstrates. RIP v1 is capable of load balancing over as many as six equal-cost paths, with four paths as the default.

RIP v1 has the following limitations:

• It does not send subnet mask information in its updates.
• It sends updates as broadcasts on 255.255.255.255.
• It does not support authentication.
• It is not able to support VLSM or classless interdomain routing (CIDR).

RIP v1 is simple to configure, as shown in Figure .

The next page will introduce RIP v2.

Configuring VLSM

 Configuring VLSM

1.1.6

This page will teach students how to calculate and configure VLSM. If VLSM is the scheme chosen, it must then be calculated and configured correctly.

The following are VLSM calculations for the LAN connections in Figure :

• Network address: 192.168.10.0
• The Perth router has to support 60 hosts. That means a minimum of six bits are needed in the host portion of the address. Six bits will yield 2⁶ – 2, or 62 possible host addresses. The LAN connection for the Perth router is assigned the 192.168.10.0/26 subnet.
• The Sydney and Singapore routers have to support 12 hosts each. That means a minimum of four bits are needed in the host portion of the address. Four bits will yield 2⁴ – 2, or 14 possible host addresses. The LAN connection for the Sydney router is assigned the 192.168.10.96/28 subnet and the LAN connection for the Singapore router is assigned the 192.168.10.112/28 subnet.
• The KL router has to support 28 hosts. That means a minimum of five bits are needed in the host portion of the address. Five bits will yield 2⁵ – 2, or 30 possible host addresses. The LAN connection for the KL router is assigned the 192.168.10.64/27 subnet.

The following are VLSM calculations for the point-to-point connections in Figure :

• Perth to KL

The connection from Perth to KL requires only two host addresses. That means a minimum of two bits are needed in the host portion of the address. Two bits will yield 2² – 2, or 2 possible host addresses. The Perth to KL connection is assigned the 192.168.10.128/30 subnet.

• Sydney to KL

The connection from Sydney to KL requires only two host addresses. That means a minimum of two bits are needed in the host portion of the address. Two bits will yield 2² – 2, or 2 possible host addresses. The Sydney to KL connection is assigned the 192.168.10.132/30 subnet.

• Singapore to KL

The connection from Singapore to KL requires only two host addresses. That means a minimum of two bits are needed in the host portion of the address. Two bits will yield 2² – 2, or 2 possible host addresses. The Singapore to KL connection is assigned the 192.168.10.136/30 subnet.

The following configuration is for the Singapore to KL point-to-point connection:

Singapore(config)#interface serial 0

Singapore(config-if)#ip address 192.168.10.137 255.255.255.252

KualaLumpur(config)#interface serial 1

KualaLumpur(config-if)#ip address 192.168.10.138 255.255.255.252

This page concludes this lesson. The next lesson will discuss RIP. The first page describes RIP v1.

Route aggregation with VLSM

 Route aggregation with VLSM

1.1.5 

When VLSM is used, it is important to keep the subnetwork numbers grouped together in the network to allow for aggregation. For example, networks like 172.16.14.0 and 172.16.15.0 should be near one another so that the routers only carry a route for 172.16.14.0/23.

The use of classless interdomain routing (CIDR) and VLSM prevents address waste and promotes route aggregation, or summarization. Without route summarization, Internet backbone routing would likely have collapsed sometime before 1997.

Figure illustrates how route summarization reduces the burden on upstream routers. This complex hierarchy of variable-sized networks and subnetworks is summarized at various points with a prefix address, until the entire network is advertised as a single aggregate route of 200.199.48.0/20. Route summarization, or supernetting, is only possible if the routers of a network use a classless routing protocol, such as OSPF or EIGRP. Classless routing protocols carry a prefix that consists of a 32-bit IP address and bit mask in the routing updates. In Figure , the summary route that eventually reaches the provider contains a 20-bit prefix common to all of the addresses in the organization. That address is 200.199.48.0/22 or 11001000.11000111.0011. For summarization to work, addresses should be carefully assigned in a hierarchical fashion so that summarized addresses will share the same high-order bits.

The following are important rules to remember:

• A router must know in detail the subnet numbers attached to it.
• A router does not need to inform other routers about each subnet if the router can send one aggregate route for a set of routes.
• A router that uses aggregate routes has fewer entries in its routing table.

VLSM increases route summarization flexibility because it uses the higher-order bits shared on the left, even if the networks are not contiguous.

Figure shows that the addresses share the first 20 bits. These bits are colored red. The 21^st bit is not the same for all the routes. Therefore the prefix for the summary route will be 20 bits long. This is used to calculate the network number of the summary route.

Figure shows that the addresses share the first 21 bits. These bits are colored red. The 22^nd bit is not the same for all the routes. Therefore the prefix for the summary route will be 21 bits long. This is used to calculate the network number of the summary route.

The next page will teach students how to configure VLSM.

Calculating subnets with VLSM

 Calculating subnets with VLSM

1.1.4 VLSM helps to manage IP addresses. This page will explain how to use VLSM to set subnet masks that fit the link or segment requirements. A subnet mask should satisfy the requirements of a LAN with one subnet mask and the requirements of a point-to-point WAN with another.

The example in Figure shows a network that requires an address scheme.

The example contains a Class B address of 172.16.0.0 and two LANs that require at least 250 hosts each. If the routers use a classful routing protocol, the WAN link must be a subnet of the same Class B network. Classful routing protocols such as RIP v1, IGRP, and EGP do not support VLSM. Without VLSM, the WAN link would need the same subnet mask as the LAN segments. A 24-bit mask of 255.255.255.0 can support 250 hosts.  

The WAN link only needs two addresses, one for each router. That means that 252 addresses would be wasted.

If VLSM was used, a 24-bit mask would still be applied on the LAN segments for the 250 hosts. A 30-bit mask could be used for the WAN link because only two host addresses are needed.

Figure shows where the subnet addresses can be applied based on the number of host requirements. The WAN links use subnet addresses with a prefix of /30. This prefix allows for only two host addresses which is just enough for a point-to-point connection between a pair of routers.

In Figure , the subnet addresses used are generated when the 172.16.32.0/20 subnet is divided into /26 subnets.

To calculate the subnet addresses used on the WAN links, further subnet one of the unused /26 subnets. In this example, 172.16.33.0/26 is further subnetted with a prefix of /30. This provides four more subnet bits and therefore 16 (2⁴) subnets for the WANs. Figure illustrates how to work through a VLSM system.

VLSM can be used to subnet an already subnetted address. For example, consider the subnet address 172.16.32.0/20 and a network that needs ten host addresses. With this subnet address, there are 2¹² – 2, or 4094 host addresses, most of which will be wasted. With VLSM it is possible to subnet 172.16.32.0/20 to create more network addresses with fewer hosts per network. When 172.16.32.0/20 is subnetted to 172.16.32.0/26, there is a gain of 2⁶, or 64 subnets. Each subnet can support 2⁶ – 2, or 62 hosts.

Use the following steps to apply VLSM to 172.16.32.0/20:

1. Write 172.16.32.0 in binary form.
2. Draw a vertical line between the 20^th and 21^st bits, as shown in Figure . The original subnet boundary was /20.
3. Draw a vertical line between the 26^th and 27^th bits, as shown in Figure . The original /20 subnet boundary is extended six bits to the right, which becomes /26.
4. Calculate the 64 subnet addresses with the bits between the two vertical lines, from lowest to highest in value. The figure shows the first five subnets available.

It is important to remember that only unused subnets can be further subnetted. If any address from a subnet is used, that subnet cannot be further subnetted. In Figure , four subnet numbers are used on the LANs. The unused 172.16.33.0/26 subnet is further subnetted for use on the WAN links.

The Lab Activity will help students calculate VLSM subnets.

The next page will describe route aggregation.

When to Use VLSM

1.1.3 

It is important to design an address scheme that allows for growth and does not waste addresses. This page examines how VLSM can be used to prevent the waste of addresses on point-to-point links.

As shown in Figure , the network management team has decided to avoid the wasteful use of the /27 mask on the point-to-point links. The team applies VLSM to the address problem.

To apply VLSM to the address problem, the team breaks the Class C address into subnets of variable sizes. Large subnets are created for LANs. Very small subnets are created for WAN links and other special cases. A 30-bit mask is used to create subnets with only two valid host addresses. This is the best solution for the point-to-point connections. The team will take one of the three subnets they previously decided to assign to the WAN links, and subnet it again with a 30-bit mask.

In the example, the team has taken one of the last three subnets, subnet 6, and subnetted it again. This time the team uses a 30-bit mask. Figures and illustrate that after using VLSM, the team has eight ranges of addresses to be used for the point-to-point links.

The next page will teach students how to calculate subnets with VLSM.

Calculating subnets with VLSM

1.1.4

VLSM helps to manage IP addresses. This page will explain how to use VLSM to set subnet masks that fit the link or segment requirements. A subnet mask should satisfy the requirements of a LAN with one subnet mask and the requirements of a point-to-point WAN with another.

The example in Figure shows a network that requires an address scheme.

The example contains a Class B address of 172.16.0.0 and two LANs that require at least 250 hosts each. If the routers use a classful routing protocol, the WAN link must be a subnet of the same Class B network. Classful routing protocols such as RIP v1, IGRP, and EGP do not support VLSM. Without VLSM, the WAN link would need the same subnet mask as the LAN segments. A 24-bit mask of 255.255.255.0 can support 250 hosts.  

The WAN link only needs two addresses, one for each router. That means that 252 addresses would be wasted.

If VLSM was used, a 24-bit mask would still be applied on the LAN segments for the 250 hosts. A 30-bit mask could be used for the WAN link because only two host addresses are needed.

Figure shows where the subnet addresses can be applied based on the number of host requirements. The WAN links use subnet addresses with a prefix of /30. This prefix allows for only two host addresses which is just enough for a point-to-point connection between a pair of routers.

In Figure , the subnet addresses used are generated when the 172.16.32.0/20 subnet is divided into /26 subnets.

To calculate the subnet addresses used on the WAN links, further subnet one of the unused /26 subnets. In this example, 172.16.33.0/26 is further subnetted with a prefix of /30. This provides four more subnet bits and therefore 16 (2⁴) subnets for the WANs. Figure illustrates how to work through a VLSM system.

VLSM can be used to subnet an already subnetted address. For example, consider the subnet address 172.16.32.0/20 and a network that needs ten host addresses. With this subnet address, there are 2¹² – 2, or 4094 host addresses, most of which will be wasted. With VLSM it is possible to subnet 172.16.32.0/20 to create more network addresses with fewer hosts per network. When 172.16.32.0/20 is subnetted to 172.16.32.0/26, there is a gain of 2⁶, or 64 subnets. Each subnet can support 2⁶ – 2, or 62 hosts.

Use the following steps to apply VLSM to 172.16.32.0/20:

1. Write 172.16.32.0 in binary form.
2. Draw a vertical line between the 20^th and 21^st bits, as shown in Figure . The original subnet boundary was /20.
3. Draw a vertical line between the 26^th and 27^th bits, as shown in Figure . The original /20 subnet boundary is extended six bits to the right, which becomes /26.
4. Calculate the 64 subnet addresses with the bits between the two vertical lines, from lowest to highest in value. The figure shows the first five subnets available.

It is important to remember that only unused subnets can be further subnetted. If any address from a subnet is used, that subnet cannot be further subnetted. In Figure , four subnet numbers are used on the LANs. The unused 172.16.33.0/26 subnet is further subnetted for use on the WAN links.

The Lab Activity will help students calculate VLSM subnets.

The next page will describe route aggregation.

A Waste of VLSM

1.1.2 This page will explain how certain address schemes can waste address space.

In the past, the first and last subnet were not supposed to be used. The use of the first subnet, which was known as subnet zero, was discouraged because of the confusion that could occur if a network and a subnet had the same address. This also applied to the use of the last subnet, which was known as the all-ones subnet. With the evolution of network technologies and IP address depletion, the use of the first and last subnets have become an acceptable practice in conjunction with VLSM.

In Figure , the network management team has borrowed three bits from the host portion of the Class C address that has been selected for this address scheme.

If the team decides to use subnet zero, there will be eight useable subnets. Each subnet can support 30 hosts. If the team decides to use the no ip subnet-zero command, there will be seven usable subnets with 30 hosts in each subnet. Cisco routers with Cisco IOS version 12.0 or later, use subnet zero by default.

In Figure , the Sydney, Brisbane, Perth, and Melbourne remote offices may each have 30 hosts. The team realizes that it has to address the three point-to-point WAN links between Sydney, Brisbane, Perth, and Melbourne. If the team uses the last three subnets for the WAN links, all of the available addresses will be used and there will be no room for growth. The team will also have wasted the 28 host addresses from each subnet to simply address three point-to-point networks. This address scheme would waste one-third of the potential address space.

Such an address scheme is fine for a small LAN. However, it is extremely wasteful if point-to-point connections are used.

The next page will explain how VLSM can be used to prevent wasted addresses.

 

VLSM

1.1.1  What is VLSM and why is it used?

As IP subnets have grown, administrators have looked for ways to use their address space more efficiently. This page introduces a technique called VLSM. With VLSM, a network administrator can use a long mask on networks with few hosts, and a short mask on subnets with many hosts. -

In order to implement VLSM, a network administrator must use a routing protocol that supports it. Cisco routers support VLSM with Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), Integrated IS-IS, Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP), RIP v2, and static routing.

VLSM allows an organization to use more than one subnet mask within the same network address space. VLSM implementation maximizes address efficiency, and is often referred to as subnetting a subnet.

Classful routing protocols require that a single network use the same subnet mask. As an example, a network with an address of 192.168.187.0 can use just one subnet mask, such as 255.255.255.0.

A routing protocol that allows VLSM gives the network administrator freedom to use different subnet masks for networks within a single autonomous system.  Figure shows an example of how a network administrator can use a 30-bit mask for network connections, a 24-bit mask for user networks, and even a 22-bit mask for networks with up to 1000 users.

The next page will discuss network address schemes.